Treatment and prevention of nervous system injuries require a detailed understanding of the injury mechanisms. Bioengineering approaches such as biomechanical testing, neurophysiological recordings, roteomic/immunohistochemical techniques, and computational modeling can be used to understand both central and peripheral nervous system injuries. This talk will elaborate on the use of various bioengineering techniques used to determine the injury threshold values for neonatal brachial plexus palsy (a birth-related complication). We will present failure strains and loads that lead to brachial plexus avulsion and rupture injuries. We will also shed light on ongoing efforts to determine the functional, systemic biomarkers and structural changes in the neonatal brachial plexus that can help with diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of neonatal brachial plexus palsy. A detailed understanding of injury mechanisms will lead to promising treatment options that can enhance recovery. This talk will provide a brief overview of our approaches, findings, and our bench-to-bedside efforts.