The availability of clean water is one of the major global issues of present times. Various pollutants contaminate the water bodies making the water unfit for human consumption and further impose ecological risk. Oxyanions such as nitrate, phosphate, perchlorate, chromate etc., are among those pollutants which have various harmful effects on both human health and environment even at low concentrations. Conventional treatment technologies like adsorption, ion exchange, membrane filtration, chemical and biological reduction are available for the removal of these oxyanions. However, the drawbacks such as generation of concentrated brine and secondary pollution of treated water restrict their extensive application. Accordingly, application of novel integrated system like ion exchange membrane bioreactor (IEMB) is plausible. This technology combines the benefits of two best available technologies i.e., ion exchange process and biological reduction for the removal and reduction of oxyanions to innocuous forms, without affecting the quality of treated water. The ion exchange membrane used in the process plays an important role in deciding the selectivity and rate of the transport of the pollutants. The present study focuses to understand the mechanism and factors responsible for ion selectivity and transport of the ions through the ion exchange membrane. Further, the study explores the modification the membrane characteristics to achieve the required efficiencies at reliable flux rates in IEMB for the removal of oxyanions from water and wastewater. At last, the biodegradation of the concentrated pollutants will be studied, and overall removal of the pollutants will be evaluated.