With the increasing concerns about the depletion of fossils resources, and the carbon emissions, the world is seeking clean, renewable, and sustainable sources for energy and chemicals. In this respect, lignocellulosic biomass has received significant attention over the past decade, and a concept of lignocellulosic biorefinery has emerged. Lignocellulosic biomass comprises 40%–50% cellulose, 16%–35% hemicellulose, and 15%–30% lignin by weight. The foremost objective of any biorefinery is to obtain valuable products from its carbohydrate fraction (cellulose and hemicellulose), and also make efficient use of the lignin for the production of aromatic chemicals. Besides, bio-oils obtained from the thermochemical processes like pyrolysis can be used as drop-in fuels. However, its upgradation is required to reduce its high oxygen content prior its use as fuel. The present work aims at the use of heterogeneous catalytic processes, namely reductive catalytic fractionation (RCF), and hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) for the upgradation of biomass, biomass-derived oxygenates, and bio-oils. Firstly, RCF is used for the separation of lignin, in its stable and useful form, from the carbohydrates. The activity of carbon supported Pt, Pd, Ni, and Ru catalysts, and the effect of reaction conditions on the degree of lignin separation, and product selectivity is studied. Secondly, HDO of model bio-oil was performed using Pt/Zeolite catalysts, wherein the effect of acid, ketone, and aldehyde functionalities on the HDO of guaiacol is evaluated using the binary mixtures of acetic acid, cyclopentanone and furfural with guaiacol. The experimental findings and the role of catalysts in RCF and HDO will be discussed in detail during the seminar.